The laws of
thought are three:
1. The law
of non-contradiction (LNC), which states that the statements p and not-p cannot both be true. In
symbolic notation: ~ (p • ~p)
2. The law
of identity, which says that everything is identical with itself. In symbolic notation, a = a
3. The law of excluded middle (LEM), which states that either p or not-p is true. In symbolic notation: p V ~p